by Therese Raphael
Now we know how this movie ends. “Brexit means Brexit,” Theresa May declared in those electric but mystifying opening scenes after the referendum back in 2016. It wasn’t clear then or for a long while after what Brexit meant. Nearly five years and two prime ministerial resignations later, Boris Johnson has finally defined it.
Set against the perils of breaking up with no trade deal, having an agreement at all merits celebration. Apart from the economic costs and reputational damage, a no-deal exit would have put terrible strain on the already fraught union with Scotland and poisoned relations with the European Union — still Britain’s largest trading partner and the world’s largest single market.
Relief, expressed repeatedly in the EU’s press conference to announce the breakthrough on Thursday, is a low bar for a free trade deal. Put in the context of the last four-plus decades, this is the most regressive trade settlement seen between modern democratic nations. Instead of enhancing cooperation and lowering barriers, it gums up most areas where business and consumers transact.
It also makes Johnson the most consequential British prime minister since Margaret Thatcher, acting as a radical rather than a conservative. He campaigned in Britain’s 2019 general election by promising to “get Brexit done” in a way that reclaimed “sovereignty” over British laws, courts, borders and money. He has delivered that control.
It was ultimately a bigger break — or a harder Brexit — than the one sought by his predecessor May. The U.K. managed to leverage its weaker negotiating position by threatening to abandon the provisions in last year’s Withdrawal Agreement to maintain a soft border in Ireland and to walk away over EU access to U.K. fishing waters. Unlike May’s similar threat to embrace no deal, the arch-Brexiter Johnson’s warning was credible. And, unlike her, he had a united, Brexit-supporting cabinet and an 80-seat majority to back it up.
Though only a summary of the deal has been published, the main contours have been known for months. The EU has offered — as it did from the start — tariff- and quota-free access for British goods. But it was not right to claim, as Johnson did initially in Thursday’s triumphal press conference, that “there will be no non-tariff barriers to trade.”
On the contrary, while one of the biggest euroskeptic grievances against Brussels was its red tape, Britain had better get used to quite a lot of extra rules and regulations. Businesses exporting across the Channel will need to fill out customs declarations and certify the origin of their products for export; they’ll have to submit animal products for health checks and comply with regulations. Companies will have to pay for certifications in both the U.K. and the EU, increasing the cost of doing business.
While large companies have been preparing for a while, most businesses have made only some preparations. Many were simply too focused on surviving lockdowns, and they lacked the information to prepare for Brexit anyway. The two sides haven’t agreed on any grace period for companies to adjust.
In exchange for tariff- and quota-free access, the U.K. has agreed not to regress from the current standards on environmental, labor-market and other areas of the so-called “level playing field” with the EU, as well as state aid. If Britain opts to diverge in a way that clearly impacts trade, tariffs can be imposed, with a new arbitration mechanism, separate from the European Court of Justice.
All of this is a long way from Johnson’s original “friends with benefits” vision of the relationship. “British people will still be able to go and work in the EU; to live; to travel; to study; to buy homes and to settle down,” he wrote in his first column for the Telegraph after the Brexit vote, citing the German business federation, the BDI, in saying “there will continue to be free trade, and access to the single market.”
For Brits who do want to travel, work, live or study in the EU, there are new hoops to jump through, all costs that Johnson downplayed in his deal announcement. A Brexit-weary Britain no doubt hopes to stop talking about the topic entirely, but there are many ways in which this agreement foreshadows years of negotiations to come.
While the hotly contested area of European access to British fishing waters was resolved for now with an agreement that sees the EU reduce its share by 25% over five and a half years, there will be annual negotiations after that. Opposition leader Keir Starmer’s promise to vote for the treaty, but to “build on” the relationship it establishes in the future suggests the battle lines over Europe may not so much disappear as be redrawn.
But eventually they converged on a plan that accepted the limits of the access the EU would allow within Britain’s demands for total control. The new agreement sets a floor on EU-U.K. relations. It will be a long, painstaking process to build a new and properly robust surrounding structure.
“It’s one thing to get freedom,” Johnson said on Christmas Eve, “but it’s how we use it, make the most of it; that’s what’s going to matter now.” That’s also how he will be judged.
Therese Raphael is a columnist for Bloomberg Opinion. She was editorial page editor of the Wall Street Journal Europe.
